舍朱奔语支 ,也称为 卡門语支 (Kamengic),是西藏藏南地区使用的一小类语言。Kho-Bwa 这个名字最初是由 George van Driem(2001)提出的。它基于重建的单词 *kho(“水”)和 *bwa(“火”)。Blench(2011)建议将用卡門 Kameng 地区命名为卡門语支(Kamengic)。另外,Anderson(2014)[2]将舍朱奔语支称为北卡門语支(Northeast Kamengic)。

舍朱奔语支
布贡语支、Kho-Bwa(火水)
地理分佈喜马拉雅山东麓
谱系学分类漢藏語系
分支
楚格语 (Duhumbi)cvg
利西语 (Khispi) lsh
语言代码
ISO 639-3分別為:
sdp – 舍朱奔语
onp – 萨尔当语
cvg – 楚格语
lsh – 利西语
suv – 苏龙语
bgg – 布贡语
Glottologkhob1235[1]

Van Driem 和 Blench 都将舍朱奔语(Sherdukpen 或 Mey)、利西语(Lishpa 或 Khispi)、楚格语(Chug 或 Duhumbi)和 萨尔当语(Sartang)语言归为一类。它们形成了一个语组,并且明显相关。Van Driem (2001)将苏龙语(Sulung 或 Puroik)和布贡语(Bugun 或 Khowa)语言纳入该语支,但 Blench (2023) 暂时将其视为独立的语言,与卡門语支没有证明的关系。[3]

这些语言传统上被归入藏缅语族,但其合理性有待商榷。这些语言受到邻近的汉藏语系的强烈影响,可能是纯粹的区域效应。[4]

根据2000年的估计,整个语系约有15,000人(包括苏龙语)或大约10,000人(不包括苏龙语)。

Abraham等人(2018)也对舍朱奔语支的语言进行了词汇表和社会语言学调查。

分类

编辑

舍朱奔语支的内部结构如下。

  • 舍朱奔语支
    • 苏龙语(Sulung 或布瑞语 Puroik)
    • 布贡语(Bugun 或 科瓦语 Khowa)
    • 西舍朱奔语支
      • 梅伊-萨尔当语组 Mey–Sartang
        • 舍朱奔语 (Mey, Ngnok), 分为两个方言:
          • 谢尔冈 Shergaon
          • 鲁帕 Rupa
        • 萨尔当语 (Bootpa, But Monpa, But Pa, Matchopa),与 Mey 的词汇相似度为 50%–60%。
      • 楚格-利什语组 Chug–Lish

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)

编辑

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)[5] 认为布瑞语是一种舍朱奔语支语言,并将舍朱奔语支分类如下:

  • 舍朱奔语支
    • 布瑞语
    • 布贡语
    • 西舍朱奔语支
      • 舍朱奔语, 萨尔当语
      • 楚格语 (Duhumbi), 利西语 (Khispi)

Tresoldi et al. (2022)

编辑

根据Tresoldi等人(2022)的计算系统发育分析,舍朱奔语支的系统发育树大致如下:[6]

  • 舍朱奔语支
    • 西分支
      • 杜洪比–基斯皮语组(Duhumbi–Khispi 或 Chug–Lish):杜洪比语(Chug),基斯皮语(Lish)
      • 梅伊–萨尔当语组:谢尔冈 Shergaon,鲁帕 Rupa,杰里加翁 Jerigaon,科伊纳 Khoina,拉洪 Rahung,科伊塔姆 Khoitam
    • 布贡语
      • A分支
        • 布鲁 Bulu,拉瓦 Rawa,科乔 Kojo,罗乔 Rojo
        • 萨里奥萨里亚 Sario Saria,拉苏姆帕特 Lasumpatte,查扬塔乔 Chayangtajo
      • B分支
        • 纳姆弗里 Namphri,卡斯皮 Kaspi
        • 旺霍 Wangho,迪克扬 Dikhyang
        • 辛查昂 Singchaung,比乔姆 Bichom

词汇

编辑

下表的舍朱奔语支基本词汇项目来自Blench (2015)。[7]

Gloss 舍朱奔语 (谢尔冈) 舍朱奔语 (鲁帕) 萨尔当语 (杰里加翁) 萨尔当语 (拉洪) 利西语 (基斯皮) 楚格语 (杜洪比)
one hǎn han hèn hân hin hin
two ɲǐt ɲik nìk ɲes niʃ
three ùŋ ùŋ ùún ʔum om
four pʰʃì bsi psì pʰəhi psi
five kʰù kʰu kʰù kʰu kʰa kʰa
six ʧùk kit ʧìk ʨěy ʧʰuʔ ʧyk
seven ʃìt sit sìk sǐ, sě ʃis his
eight sàʤát sarʤat sàrgè sàrʤɛ́ saɾgeʔ saɾgeʔ
nine tʰkʰí dʰikʰi tʰkʰì tɛ̀kʰɯ́ ṱʰikʰu ṱʰikʰu
ten sɔ̀ ̃ sã̀ ʃan ʃan
head kʰruk kʰruk kʰrǔk kʰruʔ kʰoloʔ kʰloʔ
nose nupʰuŋ nəfuŋ nfùŋ apʰuŋ hempoŋ heŋpʰoŋ
eye khibi kivi kábì kʰaʔby kʰumu kʰum
ear kʰtùŋ gtʰiŋ gtʰìŋ ktèíŋ kʰutʰuŋ kʰutʰuŋ
tongue laphõ lapon ? le loi loi
tooth nuthuŋ tokʧe mísìŋ nitʰiŋ ʃiŋtuŋ hintuŋ
arm ik ik ìk ik hu hut
leg lapon lɛ̌ lɛ̌ lei lai
belly ʃrìŋ sliŋ srìŋ sriŋ hiɲiŋ hiliŋ
bone skìk skik àhík skik ʃukuʃ ʃukuʃ
blood ha(a) hɛ̀ ha hoi hoi
face dòŋpù bo mi zə̀í doʔ doŋpa
tooth ntùŋ tokʧe mísìŋ ptə̀íŋ ʃiŋtuŋ hintuŋ
stomach àlà karbu ʧàk phriŋ hiɲiŋ hiliŋ
mouth ʧàw nəʧaw so ʨʨǒ hoʧok kʰoʧu
rain ʧuuma nimi nʧʰù ʧuʧuba namu namu

See also

编辑

延伸阅读

编辑
  • Ismail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt. (2017) Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. Himalayan Linguistics 16(2). 26–63. Paper (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.2553234)
  • Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang (2018). Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018–009. (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537601)
  • Bodt, T. and J.-M. List (2019). Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa languages. Papers in Historical Phonology 4.1. 22–44. doi:10.2218/pihph.4.2019.3037 (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537604)
  • Bodt, Timotheus A.; List, Johann-Mattis. Reflex prediction: A case study of Western Kho-Bwa. Diachronica. 2021. doi:10.1075/dia.20009.bod . 

参考资料

编辑
  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Kho-Bwa. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
  3. ^ What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?
  4. ^ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
  5. ^ Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
  6. ^ Tiago Tresoldi; Christoph Rzymski; Robert Forkel; Simon J. Greenhill; Johann-Mattis List; Russell D. Gray. Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. 2022: 345–354. ISBN 978-0-262-36607-6. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033. 
  7. ^ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.